2^nd International Conference on Gynecology and Obstetrics June 18-19, 2020 Geneva, Switzerland

Preconception health that specializes in fertility preservation, diagnosing and treating infertility, and other reproductive problems. Reproductive medicine also deals with issues related to puberty, menopause, contraception (birth control), and certain sexual problems. Reproductive medicine has allowed the development of artificial reproductive techniques (ARTs) which have allowed advances in overcoming human infertility, as well as being used in agriculture and in wildlife conservation. A significant part of Reproductive Medicine involves promoting fertility in both men and women. For fertility issues, this may involve assisted reproductive technology (ART) such as in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) or fertility medication. There are surgical methods that can be used as treatment however these are now performed less frequently due to the increasing success of the less invasive techniques. Treatment is also required for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). These can take the form of antibiotics for bacterial infections such as chlamydia or highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) for the HIV virus. The use of reproductive medical treatments has become increasingly routine in recent years. There are different Process which are given below. The branch of medicine dealing with the prevention, diagnosis and management of reproductive problems is known to be reproductive medicine. The aim of reproductive medicine is to improve and maintain the quality of reproductive health. The knowledge of reproductive medicine is based on reproductive anatomy, endocrinology, physiology and pathology. If the topic of reproductive medicine is considered, it can be further sub-divided into prenatal medicine and postnatal medicine. The issues addressed in reproductive medicine are sexual education, family planning, reproductive system diseases, birth control, infertility and sexual dysfunction. Ovulation, pregnancy, menstruation, menopause and other gynaecological problems are also assessed under reproductive medicine.

• Caesarean section
• Diagnostic hysteroscopy
• Diagnostic laparoscopy
• Hysteroscopic surgery
• Laparoscopic adhesiolysis
• Laparoscopic treatment of endometriosis
• Laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy

The hymen is a flimsy bit of mucosal tissue that encompasses or somewhat covers the outer vaginal opening. It shapes some portion of the vulva, or outside genitalia, and is comparable in structure to the vagina. During adolescence, estrogen makes the hymen change in appearance and become versatile.

A perfect hymen is a dainty film that totally covers the opening to the vagina. The treatment for a flawless hymen is minor medical procedure to expel the extra hymenal tissue and make an ordinary measured vaginal opening so menstrual blood can stream out of the vagina.

^{The range of time with in one posterity creates inside a lady is called pregnancy. Pregnancy is consistently isolated into three trimesters. The essential trimester is from week one through 12 weeks fuses starts, this is the time sperm treats the egg. The period from 13th week through 28 weeks is the subsequent trimester. Around the focal point of the subsequent trimester, advancement of the incipient organism may be felt. The time frame between 29th week  through 40 weeks is third trimester, In this period the baby in the embryo develops}

Restorative gynecology is a social affair of frameworks such are reality changing for ladies. Cosmetic gynecology is generally taken by the women after pregnancy to restore the fascination of sex. These techniques are remedial in nature, done to improve the limit or appearance and some time for both. This system is similarly done to improve the nearby bond with the accessory and even reestablishes the energetic adequacy.

Pediatric gynecology emphasizes on gynecologic disorders amongst younger women. This is a turbulent time for women. The period of adolescence is the most ideal time to educate them about the preventive measures they should take, contraception, personal hygiene, and prevention of pregnancy. In the pediatric patient, gynecologic issues are often present as vulvar and vaginal problems, while in the adolescent patient, complaints of abdominopelvic pain and abnormal menstrual bleeding commonly result in a gynecologic evaluation.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges of ovaries. It is common among women of reproductive age. PCOS is a problem with hormones that affects women during their childbearing years (age’s between15 to 44). 2.2 and 26.7 percent of women in this age group have PCOS. The cause of PCOS is not known, it appears that PCOS may be related to many different factors working together. These factors include insulin resistance, increased levels of hormones called androgens, and an irregular menstrual cycle.

Cervix is the lower part of the uterus which opens into the vagina. When the abnormal cells of the cervix grow out of control, cervical cancer occurs. Cervical cancer can be easily detected in the early stages by a test called ‘Pap test’. In the year of 2016, 12,990 cases of cervical cancer were registered in the United States only with 4,120 deaths. Most kinds of cervical cancer is caused by a virus known as Human Papillomavirus or HPV. There are many types of HPV. However, every kind does not result in cervical cancer. Some causes genital warts which does not have any symptoms.  The main causes of cervical cancer are smoking, usage of oral contraceptive pills and getting multiple pregnancies. The symptoms of cervical cancer include irregular bleeding from the vagina besides the definitive time span of regular menstrual cycle, pain in the lower abdomen, pain during sexual relations and abnormal vaginal discharge. Every kind of cervical cancer is not fatal to the women. Treatment that includes surgeries and chemotherapies has been proved to be successful in treating cervical cancer in the initial stages. Surgeries such as hysterectomy, brachytherapy, trachelectomy, removal of pelvic lymph nodes with or without removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes, chemotherapy and radiations help in treating cervical cancer. There are various ways in which cervical cancer could be prevented. Barrier protection that is usage of condoms while having sex, screening and vaccination are the ways in which cervical cancer could be prevented.

Reproductive Endocrinology is a sub-division in Gynaecology and Obstetrics which trains professionals in the field of reproductive medicine, hormonal dysfunction during pregnancy as well as it deals with the issue of infertility among couples. Reproductive endocrinologists not only treat people affected by infertility but also treat patients with hormonal dysfunctions.  Regulation and proper functioning of the endocrine system is very important for the human body. Improper secretion of hormones leads to many complications in pregnancy. Dysfunction of reproductive hormones is one of the most common reasons for infertility among men and women. Hormonal changes not only affect the human body but also the human mind to a larger extent. When pregnancy is considered a milieu of hormones constitutively affects the development of the baby during embryogenesis and the mother, including human chorionic gonadotrophin and progesterone. Over activity or under activity of the hormonal glands in our body induces many diseases like Diabetes, Thyroid, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Hirsutism, Virilism and so on. The onset of puberty menstrual cycle and menopause are all due to the endocrine system functioning in our body. Reproductive endocrinology exclusively deals with the complications of infertility and tends to give it solution through reproductive medicine and hormonal injections.

It is the most natural thing that every woman experience after a certain age in her life. It can occur between the ages of 42 and 56 but usually occurs when a woman in almost 51. During this period the ovaries stop producing eggs and level of oestrogen declines. It is the natural cessation of ovarian function and menstruation. The symptoms of premature menopause are often the same as those experienced by women undergoing natural menopause.

Infections in the female genitalia and the accessory sex organs are commonly and collectively known as Gynaecologic Infectious Diseases. While some of these diseases can be cured easily by the usage of antibiotics while others need to be paid serious attention to while curing them. Some of the infectious diseases are vulvo vaginitis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory diseases and sexually transmitted diseases. These diseases can also occur during pregnancy and their severity increases with the progress of pregnancy in most cases. Infections like Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus infection, Rubella, Toxoplasmosis, Hepatitis or Syphilis, Listeriotic, Bacterial Vaginosis can damage the foetus as well affect labour or choice of delivery method. To prevent these kind of diseases, personal hygiene is of utmost importance. All the above-mentioned diseases can be cured by consuming the right dosages of antibiotics like Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporin’s, Metronidazole, Penicillin’s.

This disease is found to be the second common gynaecologic cancer with several cases each day. It is a disease where some of the cells in one or both ovaries grow abnormally and eventually develop into cancer. The ovaries are two small almond shaped organs that are part of the female reproductive system. Each ovary measures about 2-4cm across and they sit on either side of the uterus. There are four main types of ovarian cancer, and these are named after the type of cells in the ovary where the cancer begins growing. Advanced ovarian cancer is often treated with the help of surgeries. Other cancers like vulvar cancer and vaginal cancer are comparatively rare and can be treated faster if detected and diagnosed properly at an early stage.

The Technology which is used to achieve pregnancy artificially is known as the assisted reproductive technology. Assisted reproductive technology includes procedures namely fertility medication, fertilization (IVF) and surrogacy. ART is primarily used in treating infertility among couples. It belongs mainly to the field of reproductive endocrinology and infertility. ART includes many techniques such as intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), cryo-preservation, trans-vaginal ovum retrieval, embryo transfer, assisted zona hatching, autologous endometrial co-culture, zygote intra-fallopian transfer, cytoplasmic transfer, egg donors, sperm donors, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, embryo splitting, GIFT, ZIFT, sex selection and surgical sperm retrieval. All these methods are being widely used as problems of infertility are increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. While some of these methods are safe but majority of them are harmful to the foetus as the babies are born with birth defects or genetic defects. ART also carries the risk of heterotopic pregnancy. In IVF and ICSI babies are born with low birth weight, decreased expression of proteins in energy metabolism, visual impairment and cerebral palsy. ART procedures in the United States have doubled in the last 10 years with the cost ranging from $2,000 to $30,000. ART procedures should only be performed after examining the medical condition of the couple. Many a times ART proves to be harmful to both the mother and child.

Prenatal care is also known as antenatal care. It is a vital part of staying healthy during pregnancy. It includes regular check-ups during pregnancy.  It helps in decrease risks during pregnancy and increases the chance of a healthy delivery. Timely prenatal visits help in monitoring ones pregnancy and identify the complications before they become serious. Prenatal care ideally starts at least three months before you begin trying to conceive. Postnatal or postpartum care usually starts after the baby is born and lasts about 6–8 weeks. During this period, the mother is advised adequate rest, proper nutrition and other self-care measures as instructed by the family physician.

Endometriosis is an enigmatic disease which is commonly associated with significant morbidity and reduction in quality life of reproductive age females. It often results in morbidity, pelvic pain, multiple surgeries and infertility. Timely diagnosis and effective management of the disease represent a challenge for both specialists and patients. The degree or stage at which endometriosis is present has no correlation with pain or symptomatic impairment.

Urogynaecology is sub-division of gynaecology. Urogynecologists are specially trained medical professionals who treats clinical problems related to dysfunction of the pelvic floor and bladder. In some countries Urogynaecology is also known as Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery. Some of the disorders in pelvic floor include urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapses and faecal incontinence. Other conditions where urogynaecology is practiced are Cystocele, Enterocele, Female Genital Prolapse, Lichen sclerosis, Overactive Bladder and Rectovaginal fistula. In modern times, Urogynecologists are responsible for the care of women who encounter trauma to the perineum during childbirth. Some of the tests which are performed in urogynaecology pathology include Cystourethroscopy toxin injection, dietary modification, robotic reconstruction, sacral nerve stimulation and urethral injection.

Gynecology and Obstetrics manages the majority of life's significant sections from birth, multiplication, maturing, to death. It has seen significant restorative progressions and has made an unforeseen moral quandary for our order. The ethical situations that looked in this field go from open promotion for the fundamental needs of wellbeing and human rights for ladies to the most mind boggling issues encompassing the developing information and utilization of the human genome.

At the point when a lady is conveying more than one child, it is known as different pregnancies. In the event that more than one egg is discharged during the menstrual cycle and every one is treated by a sperm, more than one incipient organism may embed and develop in the uterus. Addition has been found in different pregnancies. This is on the grounds that a bigger number of ladies more established than 35 years are having babies. Ladies who have a place with this age gathering are at high danger of having twins. Another explanation behind the expansion is that more ladies are experiencing richness medicines to wind up pregnant. These medications increment the danger of numerous pregnancies

Conceptive wellbeing isn't just about sex. It is a bit of an exhaustive prosperity program starting since the beginning of demonstrating regards and understanding the existence structures and physiology of their bodies. Conceptive prosperity recommends that people can have a reliable, satisfying and secure sexual concurrence and they have ability to copy and the chance to pick off.

Methods and devices used to prevent pregnancy are often known as birth control or contraception. Contraception has been in practice since time immemorial, but the modern ways of contraception had come into play in the 20thcentury. Birth control is not only used in cases of unwanted pregnancies, but it is also used in cases where pregnancy is proved to be fatal to the foetus as well as the mother. It also protects people from getting affected by sexually transmitted diseases. Contraception also plays a pivotal role in family planning as well. It affects demographics like population control, population density and so on. Birth control also helps in increasing economic growth of a country by decreasing the number of dependent children, more women in the working sector and less use of scarce resources. Nowadays in the market, various kinds of contraception are available both for men and women that have long term and short-term effects respectively. While some contraceptives are permanent, others are temporary. Among the permanent ways of contraception, sterilization is one of them which are vasectomy in males and tubal ligation in females. Among the non-permanent methods of contraception there are emergency contraception pills, patches, vaginal rings, injections, intrauterine devices. Other physical barrier methods include usage of condoms, diaphragms, birth control sponges and fertility awareness methods.  Worldwide 26th September is celebrated as the World Contraception Day.

• Oral Contraceptive Pills
• Barrier methods
• Emergency Contraception
• Intra Uterine Devices

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a polypeptide hormone delivered by the human placenta. It is made out of an alpha and a beta sub-unit. It is identified by incubation tests, for example, HCG development strip tests. Human chorionic gonadotropin connects with the LHCG receptor of the ovary and advances the support of the corpus luteum during the start of pregnancy. It is utilized to cause organic procedure and to treat sterility in ladies, and to broaden regenerative cell include in men. Human sac emission (HCG) is given as partner infusion to a lower place the skin or into a muscle. In the event that you use human sac emission (HCG) gathering, your primary care physician, attendant, or scientist will furnish you with explicit bearings on be that as it may and any place to infuse this drug. It ought not act naturally infused.

Uterine prolapse come to pass when the pelvic floor muscles and tendons stretch and weaken. They can never again give enough help to uterus. Thusly, the uterus projects out of the vagina. It can happen in ladies of all ages. It more often than not influences postmenopausal ladies who've had at least one vaginal conveyances. Gentle uterine prolapse ordinarily doesn't require treatment, however uterine prolapse is making you awkward causing any interruptions in your standard life, you may profit by the treatment.

^{Numerous ladies are presently profiting by enormous upgrades in consideration during pregnancy and labor presented in the only remaining century. In any case, those advantages don't broaden all over and in 2013, right around 30,000 ladies passed on from entanglements in pregnancy and labor. A large portion of these passing could be averted, approached family arranging and to some very fundamental administrations been set up.}

^{A Maternal-fetal solution authority is a master who empowers take to mind of women having obfuscated or high-peril pregnancies. Maternal-fetal drug specialists cooperate with basic obstetricians to consider women in peril for pregnancy burdens. We work with a gathering of significantly talented and accomplished specialists, restorative overseers and various authorities to help ensure a secured and sound transport for you and you}